More About Yacon Syrup:
1. Andean yacon root (Smallanthus sonchifolius
Poepp. Endl) fructooligosaccharides as a potential novel source of
prebiotics.
Pedreschi R, Campos D, Noratto G, Chirinos R, Cisneros-Zevallos L.
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27;51(18):5278-84.
PMID: 12926870 [PubMed]indexed for Medline]
2. Smallanthus sonchifolius and Lepidium meyenii -
prospective Andean crops for the prevention of chronic diseases.
Valentova K, Ulrichova J.
Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,
Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc, 775 15, Czech Republic.
Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2003
Dec;147(2):119-30.
PMID: 15037892 [PubMed - in process]
3. Comparison of three different solid-phase
microextraction fibres for analysis of essential oils in yacon
(Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves.
Adam M, Juklova M, Bajer T, Eisner A, Ventura K.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology,
University of Pardubice, nam. Cs. legii 565, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech
Republic. martin.adam@upce.cz
Publication Types: Validation Studies
PMID: 16114228 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4. Radical scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative
activities of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaf extracts.
Valentova K, Sersen F, Ulrichova J.
Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hnevotinska 3, CZ-77515 Olomouc, Czech
Republic. kata.valentova@email.cz
J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jul 13;53(14):5577-82.
PMID: 15998117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5. Quantitative determination of enhydrin in leaf
rinse extracts and in glandular trichomes of Smallanthus sonchifolius
(Asteraceae) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Schorr K, Da Costa FB.
Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de
Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes,
3900-Bloco Q, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
Phytochem Anal. 2005 May-Jun;16(3):161-5.
PMID: 15997848 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6. Subchronic 4-month oral toxicity study of dried
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) roots as a diet supplement in rats.
Genta SB, Cabrera WM, Grau A, Sanchez SS.
Departamento de Biologia del Desarrollo, Instituto Superior de
Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Cientificas y Tecnicas y Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Chacabuco 461,
4000 San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2005 Nov;43(11):1657-65.
PMID: 15979774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7. The effect of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaf
extracts on rat hepatic metabolism.
Valentova K, Moncion A, de Waziers I, Ulrichova J.
Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palacky University,
Olomouc, Czech Republic. kata.valentova@email.cz
Cell Biol Toxicol. 2004 Mar;20(2):109-20.
PMID: 15242186 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8. Investigation of phenolic acids in yacon
(Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves and tubers. Simonovska B, Vovk I, Andrensek S, Valentova K, Ulrichova J.
National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Food Chemistxry,
Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. breda.simonovska@ki.si
J Chromatogr A. 2003 Oct 17;1016(1):89-98.
PMID: 14601830 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9. Purification and identification of
antimicrobial sesquiterpene lactones from yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) leaves.
Lin F, Hasegawa M, Kodama O.
Laboratory of Phytochemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki
University, Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 Oct;67(10):2154-9.
PMID: 14586103 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the
leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius.
Valentova K, Cvak L, Muck A, Ulrichova J, Simanek V.
Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palacky University,
Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic. dankovak@seznam.cz
Eur J Nutr. 2003 Jan;42(1):61-6.
PMID: 12594543 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11. Caffeic acid derivatives in the roots of yacon
(Smallanthus sonchifolius).
Takenaka M, Yan X, Ono H, Yoshida M, Nagata T, Nakanishi T.
National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8642, Japan. tknk1221@nfri.affrc.go.jp
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):793-6.
PMID: 12537459 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12. Extraction and identification of antioxidants
in the roots of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius).
Yan X, Suzuki M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Sada Y, Nakanishi T, Nagata T.
National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry,
and Fisheries, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Nov;47(11):4711-3.
PMID: 10552877 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1. Andean yacon root (Smallanthus sonchifolius
Poepp. Endl) fructooligosaccharides as a potential novel source of
prebiotics.
Pedreschi R, Campos D, Noratto G, Chirinos R, Cisneros-Zevallos L.
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27;51(18):5278-84.
The ability of three known probiotic strains (two lactobacilli and
one bifidobacterium) to ferment fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from yacon
roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. Endl) was compared to commercial
FOS in this study. Results indicate that Lactobacillus acidophilus
NRRL-1910, Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496, and Bifidobacterium
bifidum ATCC 15696 were able to ferment yacon root FOS. FOS consumption
apparently depended on the degree of polymerization and the initial FOS
composition. L. plantarum NRRL B-4496 and L. acidophilus NRRL B-1910
completely utilized 1-kestose molecules, while B. bifidum was able to
utilize 1-kestose molecules as well as molecules with a higher degree of
polymerization.
PMID: 12926870 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2. Smallanthus sonchifolius and Lepidium meyenii -
prospective Andean crops for the prevention of chronic diseases.
Valentova K, Ulrichova J.
Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,
Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc, 775 15, Czech Republic.
Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2003
Dec;147(2):119-30.
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) and Lepidium meyenii (maca) were the
traditional crops of the original population of Peru where they are
also still used in folk medicine. These plants are little known in
Europe and Northern America although at least yacon can be cultivated in
the climatic conditions of these regions. This article deals with the
botany and the composition, the structure of main constituents,
biological activity of these plants and the cultivation of yacon in the
Czech Republic. The potential of yacon tubers to treat hyperglycemia,
kidney problems and for skin rejuvenation and the antihyperglycemic and
cytoprotective activity of its leaves seems to be related mostly to its
oligofructan and phenolic content, respectively. Maca alkaloids,
steroids, glucosinolates, isothicyanates and macamides are probably
responsible for its aptitude to act as a fertility enhancer,
aphrodisiac, adaptogen, immunostimulant, anabolic and to influence
hormonal balance. Yacon and maca are already on the European market as
prospective functional foods and dietary supplements, mainly for use in
certain risk groups of the population, e.g. seniors, diabetics,
postmenopausal women etc.
PMID: 15037892 [PubMed - in process]
3. Comparison of three different solid-phase
microextraction fibres for analysis of essential oils in yacon
(Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves.
Adam M, Juklova M, Bajer T, Eisner A, Ventura K.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology,
University of Pardubice, nam. Cs. legii 565, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech
Republic. martin.adam@upce.cz
J Chromatogr A. 2005 Aug 19;1084(1-2):2-6.
A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure based on
three commercialised fibers (100 microm polydimethylsiloxane, 65 microm
polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene and 50/30 microm
divinylbenzene-Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane) is presented for the
determination of a selected essential oils in dried leaves of yacon
(Smallanthus sonchifolius). The extraction performances of these
compounds were compared using fibers with one, two and three coatings.
The optimal experimental procedures for the adsorption and desorption of
target compounds were determined. Significant parameters affecting
sorption process such as sample weight, sorption and desorption time and
temperature were optimised and discussed. Finally, the optimised
procedures were applied successfully for the determination of these
compounds in various yacon species. The relative concentration factors
of three characteristic components of yacon were measured for relative
evaluation of the fiber efficiency. Main essential oils were isolated
from dried yacon leaves by appropriate solid-phase microextraction fiber
and semi-quantitative analysis of the target volatiles was conducted by
gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) using a
capillary column. Three compounds--beta-pinene, caryophylene and
y-cadinene were found as the predominant essential oils. Its relative
content was important for specification of yacon varieties. Solid-phase
microextraction in combination with gas chromatography enabled a rapid
and simple determination of relative content of essential oils in yacon.
Publication Types: Validation Studies
PMID: 16114228 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4. Radical scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative
activities of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaf extracts.
Valentova K, Sersen F, Ulrichova J.
Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hnevotinska 3, CZ-77515 Olomouc, Czech
Republic. kata.valentova@email.cz
J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jul 13;53(14):5577-82.
Radical scavenging and anti-lipoperoxidative effects of two organic
fractions and two aqueous extracts from the leaves of a neglected Andean
crop-yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl., Asteraceae)
were determined using various in vitro models. The extracts’ total
phenolic content was 10.7-24.6%. They exhibited DPPH (IC50 16.14-33.39
microg/mL) and HO* scavenging activities (4.49-6.51 mg/mL). The extracts
did not scavenge phenylglyoxylic ketyl radicals, but they retarded
their formation. In the xanthine/xanthine oxidase superoxide radical
generating system, the extracts’ activities were 26.10-37.67 superoxide
dismutase equivalents/mg. As one of the extracts displayed xanthine
oxidase inhibitory activity, the effect of the extracts on a
nonenzymatically generated superoxide was determined (IC50 7.36-21.01
microg/mL). The extracts inhibited t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced
lipoperoxidation of microsomal and mitochondrial membranes (IC50
22.15-465.3 microg/mL). These results make yacon leaves a good candidate
for use as a food supplement in the prevention of chronic diseases
involving oxidative stress.
PMID: 15998117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5. Quantitative determination of enhydrin in leaf
rinse extracts and in glandular trichomes of Smallanthus sonchifolius
(Asteraceae) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Schorr K, Da Costa FB.
Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de
Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes,
3900-Bloco Q, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
Phytochem Anal. 2005 May-Jun;16(3):161-5.
A simple, reliable and rapid reversed-phase HPLC-PAD procedure for
the characterisation and quantitative determination of the anti-diabetic
sesquiterpene lactone enhydrin (1) from Smallanthus sonchifolius
(yacon) has been evaluated and validated. The approach focused on the
analysis of various leaf rinse extracts, as well as the glandular
trichomes of intact leaves, in which 1 was the major compound detected.
The best sample preparation of a rinse extract yielded 0.67 mg/mL of 1,
whilst a rapid rinse of a small piece of one dried leaf gave 0.09 mg/mL
of 1; the highest concentration obtained from a glandular extract was
0.07 mg/mL. The dried leaves of S. sonchifolius were found to contain a
total of 0.97% of 1.
PMID: 15997848 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6. Subchronic 4-month oral toxicity study of dried
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) roots as a diet supplement in rats.
Genta SB, Cabrera WM, Grau A, Sanchez SS.
Departamento de Biologia del Desarrollo, Instituto Superior de
Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Cientificas y Tecnicas y Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Chacabuco 461,
4000 San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2005 Nov;43(11):1657-65.
Yacon roots are a rich source of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and
have a long use tradition as food in the Andean region. However, there
are no published reports regarding their toxicology and use safety. The
aim of this study was to analyze the effects of subchronic (4-months)
oral consumption of dried yacon root flour as a diet supplement using
normal Wistar rats. Two daily intake levels were used, equivalent to 340
mg and 6800 mgFOS/body weight, respectively. Yacon administered as a
diet supplement was well tolerated and did not produce any negative
response, toxicity or adverse nutritional effect at both intake levels
used. Yacon root consumption showed no hypoglycemic activity in normal
rats and resulted in significantly reduced post-prandial serum
triacylglycerol levels in both doses assayed. Conversely, serum
cholesterol reduction was not statistically significant. Cecal
hypertrophy was observed in rats fed only the high dose. Our results
indicating lack of toxicity and a certain beneficial metabolic activity
in normal rats warrant further experiments with normal subjects and
patients suffering metabolic disorders. They should also be considered
when establishing the regulatory framework of this natural product by
national health authorities and international trade agencies.
PMID: 15979774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7. The effect of Smallanthus sonchifolius leaf
extracts on rat hepatic metabolism.
Valentova K, Moncion A, de Waziers I, Ulrichova J.
Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palacky University,
Olomouc, Czech Republic. kata.valentova@email.cz
Cell Biol Toxicol. 2004 Mar;20(2):109-20.
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon), originating from South America, has
become popular in Japan and in New Zealand for its tubers which contain
beta-1,2-oligofructans as the main saccharides. The plant is also
successfully cultivated in Central Europe in the Czech Republic in
particular. Its aerial part is used in Japan and in Brazil as a
component in medicinal teas; while aqueous leaf extracts have been
studied for their hypoglycemic activity in normal and diabetic rats. We
have already demonstrated the high content of phenolic compounds in
yacon leaf extracts and their in vitro antioxidant activity. In this
paper, we present the effects of two organic fractions and two aqueous
extracts from the leaves of S. sonchifolius on rat hepatocyte viability,
on oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BH) and
allyl alcohol (AA), and on glucose metabolism and their insulin-like
effect on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) mRNA. All the extracts
tested exhibited strong protective effect against oxidative damage to
rat hepatocyte primary cultures in concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000
microg/ml, reduced hepatic glucose production via gluconeogenesis and
glycogenolysis at 1000 microg/ml. Moreover, the effects of the organic
fractions (200 and 250 microg/ml) and to a lesser extent, the tea
infusion (500 microg/ml) on rat CYP2B and CYP2E mRNA expression, were
comparable to those observed with insulin. The combination of radical
scavenging, cytoprotective and anti-hyperglycemic activity predetermine
S. sonchifolius leaves for use in prevention and treatment of chronic
diseases involving oxidative stress, particularly diabetes.
PMID: 15242186 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8. Investigation of phenolic acids in yacon
(Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves and tubers.
Simonovska B, Vovk I, Andrensek S, Valentova K, Ulrichova J.
National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Food Chemistry,
Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. breda.simonovska@ki.si
J Chromatogr A. 2003 Oct 17;1016(1):89-98.
Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) screening of crude extracts of dried
leaves and tubers of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae) and
products of acid hydrolysis of tubers on the silica gel HPTLC plates
using the developing solvents ethyl acetate-formic acid-water (85:10:15,
v/v/v) and n-hexane-ethyl acetate-formic acid (20:19:1, v/v/v) proved
the presence of chlorogenic, caffeic and ferulic acid. These phenolic
acids were isolated from the crude extract of yacon leaves by
preparative TLC, and identified after elution by HPLC/MS, as well as by
direct injection of the crude extract into the HPLC/MS system. Acid
hydrolysis of tubers released the increased amount of phenolic acids
(e.g. caffeic acid and ferulic acid), flavonoid quercetin and an
unidentified flavonoid, which was detected by TLC analysis. Ferulic
acid, isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acid and still an unidentified
derivative of chlorogenic acid (Mr = 562) as constituents of yacon
leaves and ferulic acid as constituent of yacon tubers are reported here
for the first time. These acids gave significant contribution to the
radical scavenging activity detected directly on the TLC plate sprayed
with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).
PMID: 14601830 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9. Purification and identification of
antimicrobial sesquiterpene lactones from yacon (Smallanthus
sonchifolius) leaves.
Lin F, Hasegawa M, Kodama O.
Laboratory of Phytochemical Ecology, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki
University, Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003 Oct;67(10):2154-9.
The extraction of yacon [Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. and Endl.)
H. Robinson; Asteraceae] leaves and chromatographic separation yielded
two new antibacterial melampolide-type sesquiterpene lactones,
8beta-tigloyloxymelampolid-14-oic acid methyl ester and
8beta-methacryloyloxymelampolid-14-oic acid methyl ester, as well as the
four known melampolides, sonchifolin, uvedalin, enhydrin and
fluctuanin. The newly identified compound,
8beta-methacryloyloxymelampolid-14-oic acid methyl ester, exhibited
potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pyricularia
oryzae, while 8beta-tigloyloxymelampolid-14-oic acid methyl ester showed
lower activity. Fluctuanin exhibited the strongest antibacterial
activity against B. subtilis among these six sesquiterpene lactones.
PMID: 14586103 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the
leaves of Smallanthus sonchifolius.
Valentova K, Cvak L, Muck A, Ulrichova J, Simanek V.
Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palacky University,
Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic. dankovak@seznam.cz
Eur J Nutr. 2003 Jan;42(1):61-6.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Yacon ( Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae)
is a native Andean plant, cultivated for its tubers throughout South
America. The leaves are used in folk medicine as a medicinal tea for
hypoglycemia. This paper describes the antioxidant activity of various
extracts from S. sonchifolius leaves for their content of phenolic
components. METHODS: The dried leaves were extracted in several ways.
Two fractions were selected for their high content of phenolic compounds
and analyzed by RP-HPLC. The antioxidant activity of these fractions
was tested in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and xanthine/XOD
superoxide radical scavenging assays, as inhibition of lipoperoxidation
of subcellular membranes and as protective activity against oxidative
injury of rat hepatocytes in primary cultures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:
The presence of protocatechuic (2.5 and 0.12 mg/g), chlorogenic (9.9 and
1.7 mg/g), caffeic (14.7 and 0.09 mg/g) and ferulic (traces) acids were
determined in the two fractions. Both fractions showed potent
antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC(50) = 16.1 +/- 3.4 and 24.3 +/- 2.7
mg/ml) and xanthine/XOD superoxide radical scavenging (42.0 +/- 20.3 and
34.3 +/- 11.4 SOD equivalents (U/mg)) tests, they inhibited the
lipoperoxidation of rat liver subcellular membranes and they protected
rat hepatocytes against oxidative injury. Our results may predetermine
the use of S. sonchifolius leaves in human diet as a potential remedy in
the prevention of chronic diseases caused by radicals, e. g.,
arteriosclerosis.
PMID: 12594543 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11. Caffeic acid derivatives in the roots of yacon
(Smallanthus sonchifolius).
Takenaka M, Yan X, Ono H, Yoshida M, Nagata T, Nakanishi T.
National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8642, Japan. tknk1221@nfri.affrc.go.jp
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):793-6.
Five caffeic acid derivatives were found in the roots of yacon,
Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson, Asteraceae, as
the major water-soluble phenolic compounds. The structures of these
compounds were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data. Two of
these were chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid) and
3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, common phenolic compounds in plants of the
family Asteraceae. Three were esters of caffeic acid with the hydroxy
groups of aldaric acid, derived from hexose. The structure of the
aldaric moiety was determined by hydrolysis and comparison of NMR
spectra with those of standard aldaric acids. The compounds were novel
caffeic acid esters of altraric acid: 2,4- or 3,5-dicaffeoylaltraric
acid, 2,5-dicaffeoylaltraric acid, and 2,3,5- or
2,4,5-tricaffeoylaltraric acid.
PMID: 12537459 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12. Extraction and identification of antioxidants
in the roots of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius).
Yan X, Suzuki M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Sada Y, Nakanishi T, Nagata T.
National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry,
and Fisheries, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan.
J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Nov;47(11):4711-3.
Yacon, Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson,
Asteraceae, an important economic species grown for its juicy tuberous
root, is potentially beneficial in the diet to diabetics. The
antioxidative activity of yacon root was studied by 1,
1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antioxidants were extracted by
methanol and isolated and purified by gel permeation chromatography and
preparative reverse-phase HPLC. Two of the major antioxidants were
identified as chlorogenic acid and tryptophan by NMR and mass
spectrometry.
PMID: 10552877 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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